Genesis 1:8

Καὶ ἐκάλεσεν ὁ Θεὸς τὸ στερέωμα οὐρανόν· καὶ εἶδεν ὁ Θεὸς ὅτι καλόν. καὶ ἐγένετο ἑσπέρα καὶ ἐγένετο πρωί, ἡμέρα δευτέρα.

And God called the firmament Heaven; and God saw that it was good. And there was evening and there was morning, a second day.

ויקרא אלהים לרקיע שׁמים ויהי־ערב ויהי־בקר יום שׁני׃

* εἶδεν (Holmes; Lagarde; Tischendorf-Nestle; Rahlfs) | ἴδεν (Swete; Cambridge)

 

Morphology

1. Καὶ (ke) (Erasmian: kai)

• Root: καί
• Form: Conjunction
• Lexical Meaning: “and”
• Contextual Notes: Connects actions performed by God.

2. ἐκάλεσεν (ekálesen) (Erasmian: ekálesen)

• Root: καλέω
• Form: Verb, Aorist Active Indicative, 3rd Person Singular
• Parsing Details: Aorist tense indicating a completed action in the past.
• Lexical Meaning: “called”
• Contextual Notes: Refers to God naming the firmament.

3. ὁ (o) (Erasmian: ho)

• Root: ὁ
• Form: Definite Article, Nominative Singular Masculine
• Lexical Meaning: “the”
• Contextual Notes: Marks Θεός (God) as the subject.

4. Θεός (Theós) (Erasmian: Theós)

• Root: Θεός
• Form: Noun, Nominative Singular Masculine
• Parsing Details: Subject of ἐκάλεσεν (called).
• Lexical Meaning: “God”
• Contextual Notes: Identifies the deity as the one naming the firmament.

5. τὸ (to) (Erasmian: to)

• Root: ὁ
• Form: Definite Article, Accusative Singular Neuter
• Lexical Meaning: “the”
• Contextual Notes: Marks στερέωμα (firmament) as the direct object.

6. στερέωμα (steréoma) (Erasmian: steréōma)

• Root: στερέωμα
• Form: Noun, Accusative Singular Neuter
• Lexical Meaning: “firmament”
• Contextual Notes: Refers to the expanse or sky created by God.

7. οὐρανόν (ouranón) (Erasmian: ouranón)

• Root: οὐρανός
• Form: Noun, Accusative Singular Masculine
• Lexical Meaning: “heaven”
• Contextual Notes: The name given to the firmament by God.

8. καὶ (ke) (Erasmian: kai)

• Root: καί
• Form: Conjunction
• Lexical Meaning: “and”
• Contextual Notes: Connects the act of naming with God’s observation.

9. εἶδεν (íden) (Erasmian: eiden)

• Root: ὁράω
• Form: Verb, Aorist Active Indicative, 3rd Person Singular
• Parsing Details: Aorist tense indicating a completed action in the past.
• Lexical Meaning: “saw”
• Contextual Notes: Refers to God perceiving the goodness of creation.

10. ὁ (o) (Erasmian: ho)

• Root: ὁ
• Form: Definite Article, Nominative Singular Masculine
• Lexical Meaning: “the”
• Contextual Notes: Marks Θεός (God) as the subject.

11. Θεός (Theós) (Erasmian: Theós)

• Root: Θεός
• Form: Noun, Nominative Singular Masculine
• Parsing Details: Subject of εἶδεν (saw).
• Lexical Meaning: “God”
• Contextual Notes: Identifies the deity as the one observing creation.

12. ὅτι (óti) (Erasmian: hóti)

• Root: ὅτι
• Form: Conjunction
• Lexical Meaning: “that”
• Contextual Notes: Introduces a clause describing the quality of the creation.

13. καλόν (kalón) (Erasmian: kalón)

• Root: καλός
• Form: Adjective, Accusative Singular Neuter
• Lexical Meaning: “good”
• Contextual Notes: Describes the firmament as pleasing or beneficial.

14. καὶ (ke) (Erasmian: kai)

• Root: καί
• Form: Conjunction
• Lexical Meaning: “and”
• Contextual Notes: Connects the naming and observation with the time sequence.

15. ἐγένετο (eyéneto) (Erasmian: egéneto)

• Root: γίνομαι
• Form: Verb, Aorist Middle Indicative, 3rd Person Singular
• Parsing Details: Aorist tense indicating completed action; middle voice shows occurrence.
• Lexical Meaning: “there was”
• Contextual Notes: Marks the beginning of evening.

16. ἑσπέρα (esperá) (Erasmian: hespéra)

• Root: ἑσπέρα
• Form: Noun, Nominative Singular Feminine
• Lexical Meaning: “evening”
• Contextual Notes: Refers to the transition into nighttime.

17. καὶ (ke) (Erasmian: kai)

• Root: καί
• Form: Conjunction
• Lexical Meaning: “and”
• Contextual Notes: Connects evening with morning in the time sequence.

18. ἐγένετο (eyéneto) (Erasmian: egéneto)

• Root: γίνομαι
• Form: Verb, Aorist Middle Indicative, 3rd Person Singular
• Parsing Details: Aorist tense indicating completed action; middle voice reflects occurrence.
• Lexical Meaning: “there was”
• Contextual Notes: Describes the arrival of morning.

19. πρωί (proí) (Erasmian: prōí)

• Root: πρωί
• Form: Noun, Nominative Singular Neuter
• Lexical Meaning: “morning”
• Contextual Notes: Refers to the beginning of daylight following evening.

20. ἡμέρα (iméra) (Erasmian: hēméra)

• Root: ἡμέρα
• Form: Noun, Nominative Singular Feminine
• Lexical Meaning: “day”
• Contextual Notes: Marks the full cycle of one day.

21. δευτέρα (defterá) (Erasmian: deuterá)

• Root: δεύτερος
• Form: Adjective, Nominative Singular Feminine
• Lexical Meaning: “second”
• Contextual Notes: Indicates the second day in the sequence of creation.

 

Other Greek Versions

Gen 1:8 [Aquila of Sinope]
και εκαλεσεν ο Θεος τω στερεωματι, ουρανος.
And God called the firmament Heaven.

Gen 1:8 [Symmachus]
και εκαλεσεν ο Θεος τω στερεωματι ουρανον.
And God called the firmament Heaven.

Gen 1:8 [Theodotion]
και εκαλεσεν ο Θεος τω στερεωματι ουρανον.
And God called the firmament Heaven.

Septuagint Manuscripts

Gen 1:8 [Codex Alexandrinus (A) (5th century)]1c1
Καὶ ἐκάλεσεν ὁ ΘC τὸ στερέωμα οὐνόν καὶ ἴδεν ὁ θεὸς ὅτι καλό καὶ ἐγένετο ἑσπέρα καὶ ἐγένετο πρωί ἡμέρα δευτέρα

Critical Apparatus :