Καὶ ἐκάλεσεν ὁ Θεὸς τὸ στερέωμα οὐρανόν· καὶ εἶδεν ὁ Θεὸς ὅτι καλόν. καὶ ἐγένετο ἑσπέρα καὶ ἐγένετο πρωί, ἡμέρα δευτέρα.
And God called the firmament Heaven; and God saw that it was good. And there was evening and there was morning, a second day.
ויקרא אלהים לרקיע שׁמים ויהי־ערב ויהי־בקר יום שׁני׃
* εἶδεν (Holmes; Lagarde; Tischendorf-Nestle; Rahlfs) | ἴδεν (Swete; Cambridge)
Morphology
1. Καὶ (ke) (Erasmian: kai)
- Root: καί
- Form: Conjunction
- Lexical Meaning: “and”
- Contextual Notes: Connects actions performed by God.
2. ἐκάλεσεν (ekálesen) (Erasmian: ekálesen)
- Root: καλέω
- Form: Verb, Aorist Active Indicative, 3rd Person Singular
- Parsing Details: Aorist tense indicating a completed action in the past.
- Lexical Meaning: “called”
- Contextual Notes: Refers to God naming the firmament.
3. ὁ (o) (Erasmian: ho)
- Root: ὁ
- Form: Definite Article, Nominative Singular Masculine
- Lexical Meaning: “the”
- Contextual Notes: Marks Θεός (God) as the subject.
4. Θεός (Theós) (Erasmian: Theós)
- Root: Θεός
- Form: Noun, Nominative Singular Masculine
- Parsing Details: Subject of ἐκάλεσεν (called).
- Lexical Meaning: “God”
- Contextual Notes: Identifies the deity as the one naming the firmament.
5. τὸ (to) (Erasmian: to)
- Root: ὁ
- Form: Definite Article, Accusative Singular Neuter
- Lexical Meaning: “the”
- Contextual Notes: Marks στερέωμα (firmament) as the direct object.
6. στερέωμα (steréoma) (Erasmian: steréōma)
- Root: στερέωμα
- Form: Noun, Accusative Singular Neuter
- Lexical Meaning: “firmament”
- Contextual Notes: Refers to the expanse or sky created by God.
7. οὐρανόν (ouranón) (Erasmian: ouranón)
- Root: οὐρανός
- Form: Noun, Accusative Singular Masculine
- Lexical Meaning: “heaven”
- Contextual Notes: The name given to the firmament by God.
8. καὶ (ke) (Erasmian: kai)
- Root: καί
- Form: Conjunction
- Lexical Meaning: “and”
- Contextual Notes: Connects the act of naming with God’s observation.
9. εἶδεν (íden) (Erasmian: eiden)
- Root: ὁράω
- Form: Verb, Aorist Active Indicative, 3rd Person Singular
- Parsing Details: Aorist tense indicating a completed action in the past.
- Lexical Meaning: “saw”
- Contextual Notes: Refers to God perceiving the goodness of creation.
10. ὁ (o) (Erasmian: ho)
- Root: ὁ
- Form: Definite Article, Nominative Singular Masculine
- Lexical Meaning: “the”
- Contextual Notes: Marks Θεός (God) as the subject.
11. Θεός (Theós) (Erasmian: Theós)
- Root: Θεός
- Form: Noun, Nominative Singular Masculine
- Parsing Details: Subject of εἶδεν (saw).
- Lexical Meaning: “God”
- Contextual Notes: Identifies the deity as the one observing creation.
12. ὅτι (óti) (Erasmian: hóti)
- Root: ὅτι
- Form: Conjunction
- Lexical Meaning: “that”
- Contextual Notes: Introduces a clause describing the quality of the creation.
13. καλόν (kalón) (Erasmian: kalón)
- Root: καλός
- Form: Adjective, Accusative Singular Neuter
- Lexical Meaning: “good”
- Contextual Notes: Describes the firmament as pleasing or beneficial.
14. καὶ (ke) (Erasmian: kai)
- Root: καί
- Form: Conjunction
- Lexical Meaning: “and”
- Contextual Notes: Connects the naming and observation with the time sequence.
15. ἐγένετο (eyéneto) (Erasmian: egéneto)
- Root: γίνομαι
- Form: Verb, Aorist Middle Indicative, 3rd Person Singular
- Parsing Details: Aorist tense indicating completed action; middle voice shows occurrence.
- Lexical Meaning: “there was”
- Contextual Notes: Marks the beginning of evening.
16. ἑσπέρα (esperá) (Erasmian: hespéra)
- Root: ἑσπέρα
- Form: Noun, Nominative Singular Feminine
- Lexical Meaning: “evening”
- Contextual Notes: Refers to the transition into nighttime.
17. καὶ (ke) (Erasmian: kai)
- Root: καί
- Form: Conjunction
- Lexical Meaning: “and”
- Contextual Notes: Connects evening with morning in the time sequence.
18. ἐγένετο (eyéneto) (Erasmian: egéneto)
- Root: γίνομαι
- Form: Verb, Aorist Middle Indicative, 3rd Person Singular
- Parsing Details: Aorist tense indicating completed action; middle voice reflects occurrence.
- Lexical Meaning: “there was”
- Contextual Notes: Describes the arrival of morning.
19. πρωί (proí) (Erasmian: prōí)
- Root: πρωί
- Form: Noun, Nominative Singular Neuter
- Lexical Meaning: “morning”
- Contextual Notes: Refers to the beginning of daylight following evening.
20. ἡμέρα (iméra) (Erasmian: hēméra)
- Root: ἡμέρα
- Form: Noun, Nominative Singular Feminine
- Lexical Meaning: “day”
- Contextual Notes: Marks the full cycle of one day.
21. δευτέρα (defterá) (Erasmian: deuterá)
- Root: δεύτερος
- Form: Adjective, Nominative Singular Feminine
- Lexical Meaning: “second”
- Contextual Notes: Indicates the second day in the sequence of creation.
Other Greek Versions
Gen 1:8 [Aquila of Sinope]
και εκαλεσεν ο Θεος τω στερεωματι, ουρανος.
And God called the firmament Heaven.
Gen 1:8 [Symmachus]
και εκαλεσεν ο Θεος τω στερεωματι ουρανον.
And God called the firmament Heaven.
Gen 1:8 [Theodotion]
και εκαλεσεν ο Θεος τω στερεωματι ουρανον.
And God called the firmament Heaven.
Septuagint Manuscripts
Gen 1:8 [Codex Alexandrinus (A) (5th century)]1c1
Καὶ ἐκάλεσεν ὁ ΘC τὸ στερέωμα οὐνόν καὶ ἴδεν ὁ θεὸς ὅτι καλό καὶ ἐγένετο ἑσπέρα καὶ ἐγένετο πρωί ἡμέρα δευτέρα
Critical Apparatus :