Genesis 1:5

Καὶ ἐκάλεσεν ὁ Θεὸς τὸ φῶς ἡμέραν, καὶ τὸ σκότος ἐκάλεσεν νύκτα. καὶ ἐγένετο ἑσπέρα καὶ ἐγένετο πρωί, ἡμέρα μία.

And God called the light Day, and the darkness He called Night. And there was evening and there was morning, day one.

ויקרא אלהים לאור יום ולחשׁך קרא לילה ויהי־ערב ויהי־בקר יום אחד׃

 

And God called the light Day, and the darkness He called Night. And there was evening and there was morning, one day.

Morphology of the Septuagint

1. Καὶ (ke) (Erasmian: kai)

• Root: καί
• Form: Conjunction
• Lexical Meaning: “and”
• Contextual Notes: Connects clauses, introducing God’s action of naming.

2. ἐκάλεσεν (ekálesen) (Erasmian: ekálesen)

• Root: καλέω
• Form: Verb, Aorist Active Indicative, 3rd Person Singular
• Parsing Details: Aorist tense indicating a completed action in the past.
• Lexical Meaning: “called”
• Contextual Notes: Refers to God naming or designating light and darkness.

3. ὁ (o) (Erasmian: ho)

• Root: ὁ
• Form: Definite Article, Nominative Singular Masculine
• Lexical Meaning: “the”
• Contextual Notes: Marks Θεός (God) as the subject.

4. Θεὸς (Theós) (Erasmian: Theós)

• Root: Θεός
• Form: Noun, Nominative Singular Masculine
• Parsing Details: Subject of ἐκάλεσεν (called).
• Lexical Meaning: “God”
• Contextual Notes: Identifies the deity performing the naming.

5. τὸ (to) (Erasmian: to)

• Root: ὁ
• Form: Definite Article, Accusative Singular Neuter
• Lexical Meaning: “the”
• Contextual Notes: Marks φῶς (light) as the direct object.

6. φῶς (fos) (Erasmian: phôs)

• Root: φῶς
• Form: Noun, Accusative Singular Neuter
• Lexical Meaning: “light”
• Contextual Notes: The object being named in this verse.

7. ἡμέραν (iméran) (Erasmian: hēméran)

• Root: ἡμέρα
• Form: Noun, Accusative Singular Feminine
• Lexical Meaning: “day”
• Contextual Notes: The designation given to the light by God.

8. καὶ (ke) (Erasmian: kai)

• Root: καί
• Form: Conjunction
• Lexical Meaning: “and”
• Contextual Notes: Connects the naming of light with the naming of darkness.

9. τὸ (to) (Erasmian: to)

• Root: ὁ
• Form: Definite Article, Accusative Singular Neuter
• Lexical Meaning: “the”
• Contextual Notes: Marks σκότος (darkness) as the direct object.

10. σκότος (skótos) (Erasmian: skótos)

• Root: σκότος
• Form: Noun, Accusative Singular Neuter
• Lexical Meaning: “darkness”
• Contextual Notes: The object being named in this verse.

11. ἐκάλεσεν (ekálesen) (Erasmian: ekálesen)

• Root: καλέω
• Form: Verb, Aorist Active Indicative, 3rd Person Singular
• Parsing Details: Aorist tense indicating a completed action.
• Lexical Meaning: “called”
• Contextual Notes: Refers to God naming darkness.

12. νύκτα (níkta) (Erasmian: núkta)

• Root: νύξ
• Form: Noun, Accusative Singular Feminine
• Lexical Meaning: “night”
• Contextual Notes: The designation given to darkness by God.

13. καὶ (ke) (Erasmian: kai)

• Root: καί
• Form: Conjunction
• Lexical Meaning: “and”
• Contextual Notes: Connects the naming sequence with the time progression.

14. ἐγένετο (eyéneto) (Erasmian: egéneto)

• Root: γίνομαι
• Form: Verb, Aorist Middle Indicative, 3rd Person Singular
• Parsing Details: Aorist tense indicating completed action; middle voice shows occurrence.
• Lexical Meaning: “there was”
• Contextual Notes: Describes the arrival of evening.

15. ἑσπέρα (esperá) (Erasmian: hespéra)

• Root: ἑσπέρα
• Form: Noun, Nominative Singular Feminine
• Lexical Meaning: “evening”
• Contextual Notes: Refers to the transition into nighttime.

16. καὶ (ke) (Erasmian: kai)

• Root: καί
• Form: Conjunction
• Lexical Meaning: “and”
• Contextual Notes: Connects evening with morning in the time sequence.

17. ἐγένετο (eyéneto) (Erasmian: egéneto)

• Root: γίνομαι
• Form: Verb, Aorist Middle Indicative, 3rd Person Singular
• Parsing Details: Aorist tense indicating completed action; middle voice reflects occurrence.
• Lexical Meaning: “there was”
• Contextual Notes: Describes the arrival of morning.

18. πρωί (proí) (Erasmian: prōí)

• Root: πρωί
• Form: Noun, Nominative Singular Neuter
• Lexical Meaning: “morning”
• Contextual Notes: Refers to the beginning of daylight following evening.

19. ἡμέρα (iméra) (Erasmian: hēméra)

• Root: ἡμέρα
• Form: Noun, Nominative Singular Feminine
• Lexical Meaning: “day”
• Contextual Notes: Marks the full cycle of one day.

20. μία (mía) (Erasmian: mía)

• Root: εἷς
• Form: Adjective, Nominative Singular Feminine
• Lexical Meaning: “one”
• Contextual Notes: Indicates the first day in the sequence of creation.

 

Other Greek Versions

Gen 1:5 [Aquila of Sinope]
και εκαλεσεν ο Θεος τω φωτι, ημερα· και το σκοτος εκαλεσε νυκτα.

Gen 1:5 [Symmachus]
και εκαλεσεν ο Θεος τω φωτι ημεραν· και την σκοτιαν εκαλεσε νυκτα.

Gen 1:5 [Theodotion]
και εκαλεσεν ο Θεος τω φωτι ημεραν· και το σκοτος εκαλεσε νυκτα.

 

Septuagint Manuscripts

Gen 1:5 [Codex Alexandrinus (A) (5th century)]1c1
καὶ ἐκάλεσεν ὁ ΘC τὸ φῶς ἡμέραν καὶ τὸ σκότος ἐκάλεσεν νύκτα· καὶ ἐγένετο ἑσπέρα καὶ ἐγένετο πρωί ἡμέρα μΐα

 

Critical Apparatus :